Per their F-1 filing, Klarna generated $2.81B in revenue in 2024, up about 24% year-over-year from $2.28B in 2021.

Klarna's GMV has shown impressive growth. In 2024, the company processed $105B in GMV, marking a 14% increase from 2023, and an acceleration from 12% YoY growth in GMV from 2022 to 2023, when the company processed $92B in GMV.

After facing profitability challenges in previous years, Klarna has made significant strides towards financial stability. In Q4 2023, Klarna achieved profitability for the first time since 2019, reporting a net income of $155 million.

For the full year 2023, Klarna reduced its operating loss by 76% to $395 million, compared to $1.65 billion in 2022. Also, the company's credit loss rate improved to 0.78% in Q4 2023, down from 0.96% in the same period of 2022.

As of March 2024, Klarna's valuation stands at approximately $7.85 billion, based on its latest funding round.

Founded in 2005 by Sebastian Siemiatkowski, Niklas Adalberth, and Victor Jacobsson while students at the Stockholm School of Economics, Klarna found initial product-market fit with Swedish online electronics retailers, offering a "pay after delivery" option that increased conversion rates by 20-30%.

Klarna offers the ability to pay for purchases with 4 biweekly interest-free payments, increasing merchant conversion rates.

By 2010, Klarna was processing 40% of all Swedish online payments, demonstrating strong market penetration.

The core product offering consists of four payment options:

1. Pay Now: Immediate, one-time payment

2. Pay in 30 days: Full payment within 30 days

3. Pay in 3: Three interest-free installments over 60 days

4. Pay in 4: Four interest-free installments over 6 weeks

5. Financing: 6 to 36 monthly installments with interest

Klarna's platform integrates with e-commerce websites, replacing traditional checkouts. It uses AI-driven credit checks to instantly approve purchases, allowing customers to buy items with minimal friction. For merchants, Klarna assumes all credit risk, paying them upfront while managing customer payments.

The company's growth has been impressive, with GMV increasing to $92 billion in 2023, a 17% year-over-year growth. Early cohort data showed purchase frequency increasing from 10x in year 2 to 20x by year 7, indicating strong customer retention. By 2019, 70% of GMV came from repeat customers.

Since its early days, Klarna has significantly expanded its product offerings beyond BNPL services:

1. Klarna Card: A physical Visa card that brings Klarna's payment options to in-store purchases.

2. Klarna App: A comprehensive shopping platform with features like price drop notifications, delivery tracking, and carbon footprint insights.

3. AI Shopping Assistant: An AI-powered tool that helps users find products and compare prices across multiple retailers.

Klarna's expansion beyond Sweden has been challenging but ultimately successful. Despite near-bankruptcy during early entry into Germany due to differing credit models, the company adapted quickly and captured 10% of German e-commerce transactions. This resilience and ability to localize its offering have been key to Klarna's continued growth and current position as a leading global fintech player.

Klarna has made significant strides in penetrating the United States market, which has become a key focus for the company's growth strategy, through partnerships with local retailers as well as the launch of Klarna Plus, a subscription service that reached 100,000 subscribers in the US shortly after its introduction in 2024.

Klarna monetizes in three primary ways:

1. BNPL: merchants pay a variable fee of up to 5.99%. Consumers make three or four equal repayments, with the first due at the time of purchase and the rest at fortnightly or monthly intervals.

2. Pay in 30 Days: merchants pay a variable fee of up to 5.99%. Customers pay no interest if they pay in full within 30 days.

3. Financing: the merchant pays a variable fee of up to 3.29%. Consumers can choose the term of their loan, and they will pay interest accordingly.

Klarna drives traffic to merchants and boosts conversion. In return, merchants pay 3 – 6% on GMV as commission to Klarna.

When shoppers pay with Klarna’s BNPL or Pay in 30 days, Klarna pays retailers the full transaction amount less 3 - 6% merchant commission. Klarna absorbs the transaction processing fees and chargeback costs for retailers. All credit default risks from the shoppers are also transferred to Klarna.

For every $100 GMV, Klarna makes $1.55 net transaction margin. Source: company data and Sacra estimates.

Klarna’s net transaction margin is the merchant fee it collects less the variable costs associated with facilitating the sale.

The key variable costs in the business are:

1. Processing fees paid to Visa, Mastercard and Stripe

2. Borrowing costs reflect that Klarna has to fund the gap between paying the merchant and collecting from consumers who would take up to 2 months to repay

3. Bad debt expenses as it is essentially providing credit to the shopper and would inevitably experience some defaults

This business model is working capital intensive given that it pays retailers upfront, and only collects from the consumers over 6 to 8 weeks. During its first Christmas season, Klarna faced a funding mismatch with its retailers requiring upfront payments, and its customers having 30 days to repay. In 2023, Klarna's consumer credit loss rate improved to 0.38%

The short-duration nature of BNPL provides a significant advantage to traditional credit providers because higher capital velocity means higher asset turnover, therefore, higher return on capital.  

The average duration of Klarna’s credit portfolio is ~40 days. This means the company can recycle its capital 9 times per year (365 days / 40 days = 9.125). Assuming 1.5% net transaction margin and 30% pre-tax margin, each $100 would generate $100 x 1.5% x 30% margin x 9 loans per year = $4.

After serving the European market for more than a decade, most of Klarna’s future growth will have to come from international markets.

Competition is converging: Both Klarna and Afterpay are looking for their future growth in the US, home market to PayPal and Affirm.

Klarna has competitors in every meaningful geography, highly localized network effects at best, and the biggest threat to their continued existence—PayPal—has a massive scale advantage in their biggest untapped market—the United States. And with the launch of PayPal’s BNPL product, this $300B behemoth is now countering Klarna, Afterpay and Affirm head on.

Klarna's primary competition comes from other BNPL providers like Affirm and Afterpay. These companies offer similar short-term, interest-free installment payment options at checkout. Affirm, founded by PayPal co-founder Max Levchin, has gained traction in the U.S. market with 800 merchant partners.

Afterpay, particularly strong in Australia, has also expanded globally. Klarna differentiates itself through its larger merchant network (250,000+ partners) and its pivot towards becoming a comprehensive shopping app.

Unlike some competitors, Klarna offers multiple payment options beyond just installments, including immediate payment and longer-term financing. The company's strong presence in Europe, particularly in Nordic countries where BNPL adoption is highest, gives it a solid base for expansion.

Klarna also competes with established players like PayPal, credit card companies, and traditional banks. PayPal, with its massive user base and PayPal Credit offering, poses a significant threat. PayPal's BNPL product gained 3 million users within two quarters of launch, leveraging its existing relationships with 54% of online merchants.

Credit card companies are also entering the installment payment space, often with lower merchant fees. Klarna counters by positioning itself as a more modern, user-friendly alternative, particularly appealing to younger consumers. Its focus on becoming a comprehensive shopping destination, rather than just a payment method, sets it apart from traditional financial services.

A growing ecosystem of fintech startups is challenging various aspects of Klarna's business. Companies like Lithic and Highnote compete in card issuing, while Ramp and Brex offer corporate card solutions.

These point solutions often provide more specialized features in their niche. Klarna's strategy involves building a more comprehensive platform, integrating services like budgeting tools and a shopping app. This approach aims to increase user engagement and provide value beyond just facilitating payments. However, it also puts Klarna in competition with e-commerce platforms and even search engines for product discovery.

Traditional financial institutions structure products first and acquire customers second. In contrast, Klarna uses BNPL as a customer acquisition tool to gain users.

Instead of a pure consumer lending product, Klarna has the vision of morphing into a combination of D2C shopping app, merchant marketing and consumer financing.

Klarna accumulates billions of SKUs worth of transaction data every year, building two advantages:

1. Its in-house credit risk assessment models can improve as its transaction and repayment history deepens

2. The retailer and shopper data it collects offers insight into consumer purchasing decisions, creating the foundation for other adjacent services

Traditional financial institutions structure products first and acquire customers second. In contrast, Klarna uses BNPL as a customer acquisition tool to gain users. Instead of a pure consumer lending product, Klarna has the vision of morphing into a combination of D2C shopping app, merchant marketing and consumer financing.

Counter positioning: Klarna acquires consumers through its BNPL and lending products. As it accumulates traffic, cheaper funding and data, it provides data analytics and infrastructure to its B2B partners.

To differentiate itself from a commodity market of BNPL providers, Klarna continues to add more use cases, such as debit cards to capture offline transactions, loyalty cards to incentivize spending and UGC wishlist to drive app engagement.

It hopes to become the merchants’ preferred marketing platform by bringing more leads. It hopes to become top of mind for consumers so instead of a BNPL provider, Klarna would curate more discovery on its platform and drive more traffic to retailers.

With its significant transaction flow, Klarna could be able to provide more cohort behaviors to merchants to support its marketing campaign and drive more traffic.

Higher incremental growth for retailers can justify merchant commissions paid to Klarna.

Assuming a retailer has a 50% gross margin, without Klarna, a consumer may be placing four separate orders at a ticket size of $50 each. These would generate $200 GMV in total and a gross profit of $100.

With Klarna, if we assume the conversion rate improves by 20%, this results in the retailer generating a 13% uplift in gross profit despite paying Klarna a merchant fee and realizing a lower gross profit on the sale.

Improving data analytics capabilities should lay the foundation for Klarna to help retailers to personalize marketing campaigns, use reward programs to drive frequency of purchase and improve conversion rates. This would differentiate Klarna from a commoditized BNPL provider to a lead generator. As Klarna converts more transactions, it could become a preferred option for both merchants and consumers. This would gain consumer loyalty.

Klarna’s infrastructure is scalable. Klarna acquired Sofort (aka Pay now with Klarna) in 2014. Sofort allows consumers to pay directly from their own online bank account. In 2019, Klarna launched its Open Banking platform. By 2021, this platform integrated with more than 6000 European banks through a single Access to Account API in line with the Payment Services Directive (PSD2).

Open Banking is in its infancy and the current adoption is low. Nevertheless, it has the potential to lower Klarna’s cost basis by cutting out Visa and Mastercard with payments initiated directly from consumers’ bank accounts and sent to merchants’ accounts.

This would significantly improve net transaction margin because a 1% saving in processing fees would drop directly to the bottom line.

By building towards an online financial ecosystem, Klarna could not only overcome the intense competition in BNPL but also drive user engagement and cross-sell potential. An engaged customer base built on top of a comprehensive financial service and lifestyle ecosystem could help Klarna to become the layer 2 infrastructure of retail.

1. Regulatory backlash: As a pioneer in the Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) space, Klarna faces increasing scrutiny from financial regulators concerned about consumer debt. Stricter regulations could force Klarna to significantly alter its business model, potentially reducing its appeal to both merchants and consumers. This could impact growth and profitability, especially as Klarna expands into new markets with varying regulatory landscapes. 2. Data privacy concerns: Klarna's business model relies heavily on collecting and analyzing consumer data to make credit decisions and personalize shopping experiences. As data privacy regulations tighten globally and consumers become more privacy-conscious, Klarna may face challenges in maintaining its current level of data collection and usage. This could potentially weaken its competitive advantage in risk assessment and personalization, key differentiators in the BNPL market.